Cells of Origin in Skin Cancer. To this end, different resident. Identification of the cells of origin in cancer may allow the recognition of individuals with increased susceptibility for the specific cancer entities. Complete documentar: From the origin to the end of cancer - 104 min. (HDV / 2008). Audio: Portuguese / Subtitle: English. The documentary tells the story of the life and work of Mr. Estevam Kovacsik. He developed. The Origin Of The Word 'Cancer' : NPRAround 4. B. C., Hippocrates is said to have named masses of cancerous cells karkinos — Greek for crab. Science and medical historian Howard Markel discusses a few hypotheses on why Hippocrates named the disease after a crab, and how well cancer was understood in the ancient world. Unidentified Man: The alphabet has only 2. With these 2. 6 magic symbols, however, millions of words are written every day. IRA FLATOW, host: And that means it's time for that little jingle, time for our episode of Science Diction on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. . The Origin of Cancer? Bibliography. only search OriginOfCancer.com. UCSD Central. Origin of Life Articles *. Fossilized Marine Plankton Tell the Tale of the End Permian Mass Extinction. Cancer is the dimmest of the zodiacal constellations, having only two stars above the fourth magnitude. The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters Alpha through Omega to label the most prominent stars in the. . was unable to identify that would have tied his theory of cancer into a single and beautiful unified-explanation of cancer, from the beginning to the end. What is The Origin of Cancer? There are some questions – 1. Advanced Cancer. This section. This article helps caregivers understand what to expect and how to help as a person approaches the end of life. f t g e P + H; Types of Cancer; Navigating Cancer Care; Coping With Cancer. Official trailer from the documentary 'From the origin to the end of cancer' (2008 / Brazil / Da origem ao fim do câncer). A documentary by Daniel Kovacsik.. Cancers are classified by the type of cell that the tumor cells resemble and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. karkinos into the Latin cancer, also meaning crab. must be 'fought' to end the. . The Origin Of The Word 'Cancer'. he was examining many cancer patients with what we'd call today end-stage cancer. we talked about the origin of the word cell a few weeks ago. I'm Ira Flatow, and we're going to be talking with Howard Markel. Hi, Howard. Dr. HOWARD MARKEL (History of Medicine, University of Michigan): Hi, Ira. Good afternoon. FLATOW: We always talk about, Howard, every week about the origin of scientific words. This month, Howard, what kind of word do you have for us today? Dr. MARKEL: Well, keeping with the theme of scary things, it's the word that was - it was and remained scary to a lot of people, the C word, cancer. FLATOW: Hmm. Well, wow. Yeah. Well, I know it's a constellation, right? Has anything to do with that? Dr. MARKEL: Well, it is a constellation. But before that, it was and is a crab. And, you know, when you're starting with medical origins, it's a good bet to start with Hippocrates because he was around very early. And some time about 4. B. C., he was examining many cancer patients with what we'd call today end- stage cancer. FLATOW: Mm- hmm. Dr. MARKEL: And he applied the Greek word karkinos, which means crab. A lot of explanations, all of them equally wonderful and all of them equally difficult to prove, but why did he use that? And if you examine a tumor, if you actually feel malignant tumor, you'll note that it's hard as a rock. And so some have explained that it reminded him of the hard shell of a crab. But others have said it may remind him of - may have reminded him of the pain that a malignant tumor induces. It's much like the sharp pinch of a crab's claw. And an even better version is that it suggests the tenacity with which, you know, a crab bites you.. FLATOW: Right. Right. Dr. MARKEL: .. and refuses to let go. And that reminded Hippocrates and other doctors how stubborn these things were to remove. FLATOW: I got you. We're talking about word origins on SCIENCE Friday from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow, talking with Howard Markel. And so you have those three main definitions.. Dr. MARKEL: Right. FLATOW: .. of how they are originated. Dr. MARKEL: Yeah. And then later on, you know - now, Hippocrates, of course, thought tumors were - malignant tumors were caused by something else, an overabundance of black bile, which by the way, doctors for the next thousands (unintelligible) did that. But he was seeing a lot of tumors, as per other doctors of the ancient world, that were malignant. You know, breast and uterine, mouth, skin cancer and so on. And their best advice to those people was to tell them, basically, to go home and die. FLATOW: Hmm. Dr. MARKEL: About 4. A. D., however, the Greco- Roman philosopher Celsus - he was not a doctor, but he wrote a very important encyclopedia of medicine - he named it cancer, because that's the Latin equivalent of crab and so the word remains to this day. And then about 1. Galen extended that Hippocratic metaphor even further. He was dissecting on a breast tumor. He noticed all the veins and tributaries of malignancy around that mass, and he said it looks just like a crab's legs extending outward from every part of its body. And so the term really stuck. Even though doctors for many hundreds of years didn't really know what caused it or to distinguish it from many other diseases that also had oozing, non- healing sores and things like that. FLATOW: Hmm. Now, there's a word related to cancer and of course, it's oncology. Dr. MARKEL: Right. In fact, we called doctors to this day, oncologists. And that's another Hippocratic term onkos, is a Greek word, and it simply means masses. The - I think that's probably a lot better word than cancerologist. Soundbite of laughter) FLATOW: Yeah. Dr. MARKEL: And that stuck, as well. FLATOW: Mm- hmm. And just speaking of how people used to talk about cancers, I remember from way back, people were actually afraid to use the C word. Dr. MARKEL: Absolutely. I mean, I remember as a boy, when family members had cancer, they would often - adults would whisper it or call it the C word. And, you know, that's a wonderful change over time piece of evidence there, is that for, you know, thousands of years, cancer was a death sentence for those who were unfortunate enough to get it. And now, as time has moved on and we've gotten so much better, not only at diagnosing and distinguishing it, but treating it - and there's hundreds of forms of cancer - it's no longer that death sentence. In fact, there are many, you know, millions of people who have survived cancer. So it's become something that we can talk about more openly.. FLATOW: Hmm. Dr. MARKEL: .. FLATOW: Yeah. In those mysterious days, where did people think cancers came from? How did you get cancer? Dr. MARKEL: Well, that's just a host of things. You know, imbalance of the four humors in the antiquity. Some people in the middle ages in the Renaissance Period thought it was for the sins they committed against their god, that they somehow deserved it. By the 1. 85. 0s, pathologists started looking at tumor cells. You know, we talked about the origin of the word cell a few weeks ago. And they were looking at cancer cells and they were fascinated by the fact that they proliferate uncontrollably and they destroy healthy tissue and spread. And so we started thinking about the cellular mechanisms, beginning in the 1. And we can only expect better and better information.. FLATOW: All right. Dr. MARKEL: .. as time goes on. FLATOW: Howard, thank you very much as always. We'll see you next month. Dr. MARKEL: Okay. Have a good weekend, Ira. FLATOW: You too. Howard Markel is professor of the history of medicine at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and director of the Center for the History of Medicine there. Copyright © 2. 01. NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb. Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record. The Origin of Cancer. DIET1. Everything you eat should be as fresh as possible. Spoiled, moldy, or rancid foods, especially if they contain rancid or oxidized fats or oils, are high in carcinogens, such as aflatoxin. Consume perishables before they go bad, or put them on the compost pile if they are past their prime unless they are meat, bones, or foods high in grease or oil. Reduce your consumption of preserved foods unless they are fermented. See #6 below.) Choose fresh, raw foods over canned or even frozen foods. Just picked is even better. We recommend growing your own vegetables and fruits, if possible. Reduce your consumption of deep- fat fried foods, especially French fries, which are often made in old, rancid oil or hydrogenated oil, which is a totally artificial form of fat. Reduce your consumption of beef and pork, which are high in fat, much of which is polyunsaturated and becomes oxidized more quickly. Eat more fresh fish from unpolluted waters, lamb, fowl, and wild game. Increase your consumption of foods high in vitamin C: oranges, limes, lemons, green peppers, hot peppers, ripe tomatoes, etc. Use natural vitamin C powder mixed into freshly- squeezed orange juice if you want to increase your vitamin C intake. Most people need much more vitamin C than the RDA, but you don't want to drink too much orange juice because of its high sugar content. Also, add some juice from fresh lemons or limes to the orange juice to provide a more complete intake of vitamin C and the synergistically- acting bioflavonoids (sometimes called vitamin P). Vitamin C is vital in keeping the immune system functioning properly. Avoid fat and sugar. Try to reduce your consumption of ice cream, which has high levels of fat and sugar, plus usually artificial coloring and flavoring. Avoid margarine completely. Some margarines still contain polyunsaturated, hydrogenated fat and often have artificial coloring and flavoring. Butter or olive oil, used sparingly, is better. Reduce your intake of processed oils, mayonnaise, salad dressings, etc. Reduce your consumption of salt, except possibly in miso soup if you aren't allergic to soy products, because some cancerous cells are high in sodium and low in potassium, which is the exact opposite of normal cells. Vegetables, fruits, and cereals are high in potassium. Eat organic produce that is unsprayed with pesticides so that you don't have to wash them very much. Potassium is water soluble and is easily lost by soaking or washing the fruits and vegetables in water. Avoid water softeners that add sodium and remove vital minerals such as calcium and magnesium in the water. Drink hard water that contains these minerals; use bottled spring water if local water is soft or polluted.
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